Organic Geochemistry

InhaltsangabeI - Introduction.- 1 - Biogeochemical Cycles: A Review of Fundamental Aspects of Organic Matter Formation, Preservation, and Composition.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Organic Matter as an Information Source.- 3. Classification of Living Organisms; the Importance and Diversity of Microbes.- 4. Biogeochemical Cycles and Inventories of Major Bioactive Elements.- 5. Biochemistry and Isotopic Consequences of Incorporation of Bioelements into Biomass; Diagnostic Isotopic Fossils.- 6. Diagnostic Molecular Structures Encoded in Fossil Organic Matter.- 7. Geological History of the Biogeochemical Cycles.- 8. Future Research Directions.- References.- 2 A Review of Macromolecular Organic Compounds That Comprise Living Organisms and Their Role in Kerogen, Coal, and Petroleum Formation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Inventory of Macromolecular Substances, Their Ocurrence in Organisms, and Their Potential for Survival in Recent Sediments.- 3. Structural Relationships between Kerogen/Coal and Selectively Preserved Resistant Biopolymers.- 4. Consequences for Formation of Oil, Coal, and Gas.- References.- 3 - Isotope Fractionation during Primary Production.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Definition of Isotope Terms.- 3. Carbon Isotopes.- 4. Nitrogen Isotopes.- 5. Oxygen Isotopes.- 6. Hydrogen Isotopes.- 7. Sulfur Isotopes: Fractionation during Photosynthesis.- 8. Implications for Organic Geochemistry.- References.- II - Early Diagenesis of Organic Matter.- 4 - Early Diagenesis of Organic Matter: The Dynamics (Rates) of Cycling of Organic Compounds.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods of Measuring Decomposition and Transformation Rates during Early Diagenesis.- 3. Key Processes and Rates.- 4. Accuracy of Rate Measurements.- 5. Patterns of Variation in Rates of Early Diagenesis.- 6. Goals for the Future.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 5 - The Early Diagenesis of Organic Matter: Bacterial Activity.- 1. Introduction to Bacteria as Primary Agents.- 2. Current Conceptual Models and Experimental Approaches.- 3. Bacterial Abundance and Global Distribution in Sediments.- 4. Constraints on Bacterial Activities in Sediments.- 5. Unique Catalytic Properties and Microbial Consortia.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 6 - Production, Transport, and Alteration of Particulate Organic Matter in the Marine Water Column.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Vertical Flux of Organic Matter Sinking through the Water Column.- 3. Influences on the Quality of Particulate Organic Matter Sinking through the Water Column.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 7 - Organic Matter at the Sediment-Water Interface.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Organic Material at the Mineral-Water Interface.- 3. Organic Matter at the Sediment-Water Interface.- 4. Synthesis and Future Directions.- References.- 8 - The Early Diagenesis of Organic Matter in Lacustrine Sediments.- 1. Sources and Sedimentation of Organic Matter in Lakes.- 2. Indicators of Early Diagenesis of Organic Matter in Lacustrine Sediments.- 3. Molecular Indicators of Early Diagenesis of Organic Matter.- 4. Summary and Conclusion.- References.- 9 - Early Diagenesis of Organic Matter in Sediments: Assessment of Mechanisms and Preservation by the Use of Isotopic Molecular Approaches.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Amino Acid Nitrogen in Sediments.- 3. Bulk Characterization of Sediments: C/N.- 4. Isotopes and Diagenetic Fractionation.- 5. Molecular-Level Isotope Analyses.- References.- 10 - Marine Invertebrate Feeding and the Sedimentary Lipid Record.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Fatty Acids.- 3. Phytol and Fatty Alcohols.- 4. Sterols.- 5. Hydrocarbons and Long-Chain Lipids.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 11 - Early Diagenesis: Consequences for Applications of Molecular Biomarkers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Nature of Early Diagenesis.- 3. Compositional Trends in Degrading Organic Matter-a Simple Model.- 4. Effects of Early Diagenesis on Different Biomarker Applications.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 12 - The Early Diagenesis of Organic Matter: Reaction at the Air-Sea Interface.- 1. Introdu

InhaltsangabeI - Introduction.- 1 - Biogeochemical Cycles: A Review of Fundamental Aspects of Organic Matter Formation, Preservation, and Composition.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Organic Matter as an Information Source.- 3. Classification of Living Organisms; the Importance and Diversity of Microbes.- 4. Biogeochemical Cycles and Inventories of Major Bioactive Elements.- 5. Biochemistry and Isotopic Consequences of Incorporation of Bioelements into Biomass; Diagnostic Isotopic Fossils.- 6. Diagnostic Molecular Structures Encoded in Fossil Organic Matter.- 7. Geological History of the Biogeochemical Cycles.- 8. Future Research Directions.- References.- 2 A Review of Macromolecular Organic Compounds That Comprise Living Organisms and Their Role in Kerogen, Coal, and Petroleum Formation.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Inventory of Macromolecular Substances, Their Ocurrence in Organisms, and Their Potential for Survival in Recent Sediments.- 3. Structural Relationships between Kerogen/Coal and Selectively Preserved Resistant Biopolymers.- 4. Consequences for Formation of Oil, Coal, and Gas.- References.- 3 - Isotope Fractionation during Primary Production.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Definition of Isotope Terms.- 3. Carbon Isotopes.- 4. Nitrogen Isotopes.- 5. Oxygen Isotopes.- 6. Hydrogen Isotopes.- 7. Sulfur Isotopes: Fractionation during Photosynthesis.- 8. Implications for Organic Geochemistry.- References.- II - Early Diagenesis of Organic Matter.- 4 - Early Diagenesis of Organic Matter: The Dynamics (Rates) of Cycling of Organic Compounds.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods of Measuring Decomposition and Transformation Rates during Early Diagenesis.- 3. Key Processes and Rates.- 4. Accuracy of Rate Measurements.- 5. Patterns of Variation in Rates of Early Diagenesis.- 6. Goals for the Future.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 5 - The Early Diagenesis of Organic Matter: Bacterial Activity.- 1. Introduction to Bacteria as Primary Agents.- 2. Current Conceptual Models and Experimental Approaches.- 3. Bacterial Abundance and Global Distribution in Sediments.- 4. Constraints on Bacterial Activities in Sediments.- 5. Unique Catalytic Properties and Microbial Consortia.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 6 - Production, Transport, and Alteration of Particulate Organic Matter in the Marine Water Column.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Vertical Flux of Organic Matter Sinking through the Water Column.- 3. Influences on the Quality of Particulate Organic Matter Sinking through the Water Column.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 7 - Organic Matter at the Sediment-Water Interface.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Organic Material at the Mineral-Water Interface.- 3. Organic Matter at the Sediment-Water Interface.- 4. Synthesis and Future Directions.- References.- 8 - The Early Diagenesis of Organic Matter in Lacustrine Sediments.- 1. Sources and Sedimentation of Organic Matter in Lakes.- 2. Indicators of Early Diagenesis of Organic Matter in Lacustrine Sediments.- 3. Molecular Indicators of Early Diagenesis of Organic Matter.- 4. Summary and Conclusion.- References.- 9 - Early Diagenesis of Organic Matter in Sediments: Assessment of Mechanisms and Preservation by the Use of Isotopic Molecular Approaches.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Amino Acid Nitrogen in Sediments.- 3. Bulk Characterization of Sediments: C/N.- 4. Isotopes and Diagenetic Fractionation.- 5. Molecular-Level Isotope Analyses.- References.- 10 - Marine Invertebrate Feeding and the Sedimentary Lipid Record.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Fatty Acids.- 3. Phytol and Fatty Alcohols.- 4. Sterols.- 5. Hydrocarbons and Long-Chain Lipids.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 11 - Early Diagenesis: Consequences for Applications of Molecular Biomarkers.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Nature of Early Diagenesis.- 3. Compositional Trends in Degrading Organic Matter-a Simple Model.- 4. Effects of Early Diagenesis on Different Biomarker Applications.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 12 - The Early Diagenesis of Organic Matter: Reaction at the Air-Sea Interface.- 1. Introdu